Real Estate

1031 Exchange Rules for Swapping Commercial Buildings

A practical overview of U.S. Section 1031 real-property exchanges, including qualified use, like-kind treatment, intermediaries, timing and boot.

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Decision framework

What this guide helps you evaluate

U.S. owners evaluating a like-kind exchange of investment or business real property.

This page is designed to help you compare the moving parts, organize due diligence and ask better questions before you commit money, sign a contract or change an operating process.

What to compare first

  • Both relinquished and replacement assets held for business or investment
  • Real property status and like-kind treatment
  • Qualified intermediary and control of proceeds
  • Identification and completion timing
  • Boot, debt replacement and basis implications

Step-by-step process

  1. 01

    Discuss the planned sale with tax counsel and an intermediary before closing.

  2. 02

    Confirm the property is held for a qualifying purpose rather than primarily for sale.

  3. 03

    Model replacement value, debt and cash requirements.

  4. 04

    Document identification and exchange actions within applicable deadlines.

  5. 05

    File required tax reporting and keep settlement statements and exchange records.

Common mistakes and risk checks

  • Receiving sale proceeds directly and breaking exchange structure.
  • Assuming U.S. and foreign real property are like-kind to each other.
  • Ignoring taxable boot or basis consequences.

Primary and official references

Rules, pricing and requirements can change. Use these sources to verify the latest details that apply to your situation.